What Is the Goal of a Life Review

Int J Customs Based Nurs Midwifery. 2018 Apr; 6(ii): 136–145.

Effectiveness of Life Review Therapy on Quality of Life in the Late Life at Twenty-four hours Care Centers of Shiraz, Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Farkhondeh Sharif, PhD

^oneCustoms Based Psychiatric Intendance Research Center, Department of Mental Health Nursing, Schoolhouse of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz Academy of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;

Iran Jahanbin, MS

²Shiraz Geriatric Research Centre (SGRC), Shiraz Academy of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;

Afsar Amirsadat, MS

³Student Enquiry Commission, Section of Geriatric Nursing, Schoolhouse of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz Academy of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;

Mahboobeh Hosseini Moghadam, MS

^fourEducatee Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Received 2017 Jul 21; Revised 2018 Jan i; Accepted 2018 Feb 2.

ABSTRACT

Background:

Life review therapy, used as role of a comprehensive therapy plan for increasing the quality of life of the elderly, helps them to resolve their by conflicts, reconstruct their life stories, and accept their present conditions. The present report aimed to explore the effectiveness of life review therapy on the quality of life of the elderly.

Methods:

The nowadays study was a randomized controlled trial with a pre-posttest design during April to Aug 2014. The study was conducted on 35 members of the elderly day care centers in Shiraz, Iran, that were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control). The subjects in the experimental group attended 8 2-hour sessions of life review therapy. The quality of life of the elderly participants was evaluated before, immediately, i month, and three months after the intervention using the quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL_BREF). Data analysis was conducted through SPSS version 22, using statistical tests including Chi-square, repeated measures test and T-exam, with the significance level of 0.05.

Results:

The results of the written report showed that life review therapy interventions significantly improved the quality of life of the elderly (P<0.05). Moreover, group interaction with passage of time was also significant, which indicates that the pattern of changes has been dissimilar between the two groups.

Determination:

The findings of the written report confirm the research hypotheses, showing that the application of life review is effective and viable. It is recommended that all nursing homes and fifty-fifty the families of the elderly should employ this convenient, inexpensive, quick, and practical method.

Trial Registration Number: IRCT2015021621106N1

KEYWORDS: Elderly, Life, Quality of life, Review

INTRODUCTION

Aging is an expected physiological process in which the physical and mental strength of a person decreases suddenly and without rebound. During this aging process, there are some physical, mental and social changes that touch the quality of life of the elderly.¹

Old historic period is becoming increasingly of import all over the earth; the ever-increasing population of the elderly is ane of the near challenging issues in the domains of health and welfare.^ane,2 The growth of the elderly population has been so important that it has come up to be described as the "silent revolution".³ It is predicted that past 2016 the number of ageing population in Iran will apace increase. Among the countries with fast-ageing populations, Islamic republic of iran ranks the third beyond the world,⁴ i.east. ageing is a major nowadays and future challenge in Iran.⁵ Considering the needs and issues of individuals at this life stage is a social necessity. Though the quality of life of the elderly is a very important gene, information technology is ofttimes neglected.^half-dozen

Over the past two decades, the quality of life has been an important subject in clinical trials.⁷ The increase in the indexes of life span and life expectancy has caused the researchers and experts to pay more attention to the subject of how to spend 1's quondam age, or the elderly people's quality of life.⁸ Considering the bully urgency of the issue, it is necessary that appropriate healthcare programs be adult and implemented for this age group. One of the approaches to improving the quality of life and well-being of the elderly is grouping life review sessions.

The concept of life review was first introduced past Butler in his 1963 article.^ix Butler proposed that life review is a natural process which we all resort to when we are approaching the end of our lives. He defined life review as a natural event in which an individual recalls his/her past experiences, evaluates them, and analyzes them in society to attain a more profound self-concept.¹⁰ In 1974, by presenting a framework for this developmental task, Butler fabricated the life review more than purposeful and suggested it as a grade of therapy.¹¹

In life therapy, an individual'south forgotten, but influential, experiences are revealed; their negative experiences are analyzed logically; and their positive experiences are discussed in order to make them experience useful and of import once more.¹² Life review addresses the subjects which, due to unresolved conflicts, are difficult for a person to analyze solitary without feeling upset, disgusted, or guilty.10 The roots of life review lie in Erikson's developmental theory, in which, at the 8th stage, an individual tries to achieve integrity.^13,fourteen In view of the above-mentioned facts almost the importance and effectiveness of psychological interventions regarding sure psychological aspects of the elderly, and the lack of any inquiry on the effects of life review on the quality of life of the elderly, the present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of life review therapy on the quality of life of the elderly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The nowadays study was a randomized controlled trial with a pre-posttest pattern, which was approved past the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (CT-92-6616). This study was conducted on 35 elderly members of the elderly day intendance centers of Shiraz. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were divided into control and experimental groups, and for the sessions the males and females were separated in each grouping. The intervention consisted of eight two-60 minutes sessions of life review which were held twice weekly. The contained and dependent variables were, respectively, life review and the subjects' quality of life scores.

The sample size was calculated as 22 in each grouping based on the information of a similar study ¹⁴ using Med.Calc statistical software (ability: 80%, α: 0.05, loss rate: xx%, d: 5.iii, Ϭ: 4.7 and v.6) and considering the following formula.

$due north = \frac{{(Z_{i - \frac{α}{2}} + Z_{1 - β})}^{2}}{{(\frac{d}{2δ})}^{ii}}$

All the elderly members of the elderly day care centers of Jahandidegan and Soroush were the statistical population of the study. Those who had inclusion criteria entered the study (48 subjects). Based on a random number tabular array, the subjects were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. Finally, later attrition (Absenteeism in meetings n=7 and Failure to consummate questionnaires northward=six), the study was conducted on 35 subjects; 18 subjects were assigned to the control group and 17 to the experimental group. (figure 1)

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is IJCBNM-6-136-g001.jpg

The inclusion criteria were historic period between lx and 78, ability to understand and speak Western farsi, willingness to participate in the sessions, and witting completion of the consent class. The exclusion criteria were attending similar educational classes, missing more than one session, and being unwilling to cooperate further for any reason. Having made a list of all the qualified subjects, the researchers explained the type and objectives of the study to the potential participants in a coming together before the intervention. The subjects who were willing to participate in the study and completed the written informed consent class were asked to complete the demographic questionnaire and a 26-detail quality of life questionnaire.

The life review sessions were conducted by the researcher based on Haight and Webster's life review therapy process:^xv dealing with construction, evaluation, generality and individuality. Haight and Webster's therapy model reviews an private's entire life cycle in 8 ii-60 minutes sessions which are held weekly. This class was developed by Haight in 1989 and is used for grouping therapies based on life review. The class consists of 5 split parts and deals with important life events, such equally an private'southward losses, major activities, descriptions and relationship with influential people and major developmental experiences, over babyhood, adolescence, machismo, centre-ages, and old age. The sessions included lectures, group discussions, and written assignments based on the questions raised in Haight and Webster's model (Table 1). The command group continued their usual activities of life.

Table 1

The Contents of the Sessions

Session	Time	Topic
one	120 min	Introduction to the procedure and program rules, Familiar participants together and with therapists, create an understanding.
2	120 min	Erickson's Model in Childhood: the utilize of the life assessment class, efforts to increase trust in members.
iii	120 min	Erickson'southward Model in young historic period: the utilize of form of life review, Increase fellow member participation, Request Questions and submit opinions.
4	120 min	Erickson's Model at home and family: the use of course of life review, Feedback back up members.
5	120 min	Erickson'south Model in machismo: the apply of form of life review, Criticism of the unique characteristic of life, A significant increase in the interaction of the group.
half-dozen	120 min	Erickson's Model (Perfection): by using of the life assessment form and counseling skills, Modify the interactions in the group from leader to member to member form, Formation of group identity.
vii	120 min	Erickson'due south Model (Coherence): by using of the life assessment form and counseling skills, check all items, sessions were spontaneously conducted by group members, re-evaluation of unresolved previous issues.
8	120 min	Summarizing the provided content, completion of questionnaires.

The data drove instruments in the present study consisted of ii questionnaires: a demographic data questionnaire (age, gender, education, number of children, etc.), and the Earth Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL_BREF) consisting of 26 v-point Likert scale questions. The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument (WHOQOL-100) that may be more than convenient for utilize in large research studies or clinical trials. The latter investigates a person'due south life in four health-related areas: physical well-being (7 items), psychological well-being (half-dozen items), social relationships (3 items), and living environs (8 items). The commencement question is about the quality of life; the second ane is a general question about health conditions; the adjacent 24 questions evaluate the respondent's quality of life in the 4 higher up-mentioned domains. Each particular of the WHOQOL-BREF is scored from 1 to 5 on a response calibration. Individual'southward perception of the quality of life is measured by summing the total scores for each particular domain and overall quality of life (OQOL). The mean score of items within each domain is used to calculate the domain score. Initially, a raw score is obtained for each subscale, which must be converted to transformed scores through a formula. In this study, the overall quality of life score is calculated. All domain scores and OQOL are scaled in a positive management (college score bespeak higher QOL). WHOQOL scale (questionnaire) is a highly valid instrument, and standardized in many countries. Cronbach alpha values for each of the four domain scores ranged from 0.66 (Social relationships) to 0.84 (Physical health), demonstrating good internal consistency. The exam-retest reliabilities for the domains were 0.66 for physical wellness, 0.72 for psychological aspects, 0.76 for social relationships and 0.87 for environs.^sixteen The questionnaire has been translated into over 40 languages, including Farsi and was standardized and validated in Islamic republic of iran with a sample of over thirty years of age (5892 samples). For the total sample, the internal consistency of the domains was satisfactory to good, yielding Cronbach'southward Alpha ranging from 0.78 for psychological health to 0.82 for social relationships; its reliability was confirmed with a Chronbac's alpha of 0.86.¹⁷

Data collection in phase two (immediately after the intervention), stage iii (one month later the intervention), and phase four (three months afterwards the intervention) was performed afterwards the subjects completed the quality of life questionnaire. Afterwards, the collected data were analyzed. To establish the incomprehension of the study, the questionnaires before the intervention was checked past a inquiry assistant and information were analyzed by another researcher.

Data analysis was conducted through SPSS version 22, using statistical tests including Chi-foursquare, repeated measures and t-test, with the significance level of 0.05.

RESULTS

The present study was conducted on 35 members of the retirement centers of Shiraz, all of whom were anile between 60 and 78 years. In terms of gender distribution, 17 elderly participants were male and xviii were female. 82.iv pct and 66.7 per centum of the participants in the experimental group and the command group were married, respectively. With regard to pedagogy, the bulk of the subjects in the experimental group were high-school or college graduates 12 (seventy.half dozen). The results of the Chi-square test showed that there were no significant differences betwixt the distributions of the subjects in the control group and experimental group in historic period, gender, education, and marital status, and the two groups were homogeneous in terms of the above-mentioned variables (P>0.05). (Tabular array 2)

Table 2

Comparison of demographic characteristics in the experimental and control groups

Demographic Variable	Group	experimental grouping North=17	Command group Due north=eighteen	P value^*
Demographic Variable	Group	N (%)	Due north (%)	P value^*
Historic period( year)	lx-66	N (%)	Due north (%)	6 (35.3)	viii (44.4)	0.45
	67-72	10 (58.8)	7 (38.9)
	73-78	1 (5.9)	3 (16.vii)
Gender	Male	8 (47.1)	9 (50)	0.86
Gender	Female person	9 (52.nine)	nine (50)	0.86
Marital status	Unmarried	iii (17.6)	half-dozen (33.three)	0.44
Marital status	Married	14 (82.4)	12 (66.7)	0.44
Educational level	Illiterate	1 (five.nine)	3 (16.7)	0.27
	Primary education	iv (23.5)	2 (11.one)
	Diploma	7 (41.2)	half dozen (33.3)
	Higher education	5 (29.4)	vii (38.ix)

In Table three, p-values beneath 0.05 indicated a departure between the 2 phases of the quality of life. In the case of the control grouping, the fourth dimension-group comparison showed that the results were significant afterward three months; however, the results were significance and decreased. Every bit to the experimental grouping, the results were significant and increased, meaning that with the passage of time, the quality of life of the elderly participants increased.

Table 3

Pairwise comparing of the control and experimental group's quality of life at different phases

Group	Quality of life		Mean difference	P value^*
Command	Earlier	Immediately Afterward	0.03	0.06
		One months subsequently	0.06	0.17
		Three months later	0.18	0.01
	Immediately afterwards	Ane months later	0.02	0.56
	Immediately afterwards	Three months later on	0.14	0.01
	1 months later on	Three months later	0.12	0.03
Experimental	Earlier	Immediately After	-0.08	0.02
		1 months later	-0.48	0.001
		Three months subsequently	-0.67	0.001
	Immediately afterwards	One months afterward	-0.40	0.001
	Immediately afterwards	Three months afterwards	-0.59	0.001
	One months subsequently	Three months later	0.xviii	0.001

In order to analyze the blueprint of changes in the quality of life scores of the participants in the 2 experimental groups and the two control groups, the researchers used the repeated measures examination and independent t-test. Based on the findings of the report, there was a statistically meaning deviation between the ways of the quality of life scores as measured at the four evaluation phases, which proved the positive impact of the intervention on the quality of life of the subjects in the experimental grouping. Moreover, the results showed that the event of time was meaning, too (Table four).

Table 4

Comparing of the mean ±SD of quality of life scores at dissimilar times (before, immediately, ane month, and three months after the intervention) in the experimental and control groups

Group	Time	Before intervention Hateful±SD	immediately after Mean±SD	1 months after Mean±SD	3 months subsequently Mean±SD	P value^**
Group	Time	Before intervention Hateful±SD	immediately after Mean±SD	1 months after Mean±SD	3 months subsequently Mean±SD	Time	Group	Fourth dimension/group
Experimental group		2.96±0.48	3.04±0.43	three.45±0.46	3.64±0.40	0.001	0.18	0.001
Command group		3.17±0.44	3.13±0.40	3.11±0.xxx	2.99±0.28
P value^*		0.19	0.53	0.01	< 0.001

The results of Table four evidence that the trend of changes in the quality of life was significant (P<0.05). In other words, there is a statistically meaning difference amid the quality of life scores as measured at the 4 phases. Moreover, the time group interaction was likewise pregnant, which indicates that the pattern of changes has been different between the 2 groups. Also t-test results showed that the differences between the ii groups in terms of quality of life were significant merely at phases 3 and 4 (P<0.05). (Table iv)

Equally figure 2 shows, the ways of the quality of life scores of the subjects in the experimental group had an upward trend, while in instance of the command group, the trend was decreased. Since the time group interaction with passage of time was pregnant, the patterns of the changes must be analyzed separately for each grouping. Based on the findings of the study, there were no significant differences between the means of the quality of life scores in the control and experimental groups at ane phase. (P=0.nineteen)

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is IJCBNM-6-136-g002.jpg

The trend means of quality of life scores at unlike times in the experimental and control groups

The results of Tabular array 5 show that the tendency of changes in the quality of life of both groups was significant (P<0.001). In other words, there was a pregnant deviation between the two groups' quality of life results as obtained from the 4 evaluation phases.

Table 5

A time-based comparing of the groups' quality of life scores

Source	The sum of squares	D f	Average of squares	F	P value^*
Time changes in quality of life(command)	0.33	1.85	0.18	5.49	0.01
Error	1.03	31.60	0.03	5.49	0.01
Time changes in quality of life(experimental)	5.31	1.54	iii.43	61.63	0.001
Error	i.38	24.77	0.05	61.63	0.001

DISCUSSION

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of life review interventions on the quality of life of the elderly. The comparison of the changes in the ways of the experimental group'due south quality of life scores as obtained immediately, 1 calendar month, and three months subsequently the intervention proved the effectiveness of the intervention. The results of this study showed that the eight life review sessions had a positive impact on the quality of life of the elderly subjects. The literature review shows that there are no other studies similar to the present ane; however, the results of the present study are in agreement with the findings of other studies that have investigated the effectiveness of life review therapy.^eighteen-20

The aim of science today is to develop proper programs for the elderly to improve their quality of life and make them equal with the residual of the club. The life review therapy is more than efficient than the conventional clinical therapies. They are well acquainted with the content of their own lives and do not need to be taught whatsoever new skills.xiii Comparing the effectiveness of reminiscence group therapy with other forms of grouping therapy, Veis (1993) discovered the sometime to be supeior.²¹

In the previous study, the researcher concluded that six-session spiritaually-oriented life review therapy improved the patients' quality of life.²² Similarly, studying the effects of an eight-session life review grouping theray on 40 elderly patients with chronic hurting, the researcher (2012) reported a considerable decrease in the patients' hurting and an increase in their quality of life.²³ He states that in life review a advisor should create situations in which the elderly counselee can come up with new and better structured meanings for his/her past and present experiences and eventually reaches a positive picture of his/her life, which is consistent with the results of the nowadays stduy.²³

The two Iranian studies mentioned to a higher place were both conducted to examine the effects of life review on patients; the subjects of the present study, yet, were non patients. Given the cultural and developmental differences between men and women, the researchers in the nowadays study had the male and female participants attend dissever classes. As with many other studies that prove the effectiveness of life review, the present study shows that life review can positively bear upon the quality of life of the elderly over fourth dimension. For the first time in research on life review therapy, this report used the 26-item quality of life questionniare; the results testify that equally fourth dimension passes, life review produces improve results and positively affects the quality of life of the elderly. Yet, it should exist noted that in two separate studies, Michiyo Ando et al. take studied the short-term consequence of life review on the spiritual well-beingness and depresion of bereaved families and patients with terminal cancer and reported positive results.^19,24 In a complicated subject field with many different aspects, quality of life cannot be improved by short-term programs; nonetheless, because of their special weather condition, bereaved families and terminal patients can benefit from the effects of life review in the brusk run. The difference between the weather condition of the subjects and objectives of the studies can explain the difference between the results.

One resaon for the significance of the results can be the effectiveness of life review therapy as mentioned; dedicating enough time to the procedure, considering an individuals' entire life from birth to the present, and analyzing and integrating the memories of the subjects can be influential factors.

The results of the nowadays study are in understanding with previous studies on the effects of life review on patients with PTSD,²⁵ reporting that the effectiveness of life review is equal to other cognitive therapies.^xviii It tin can exist concluded that life review therapy is in agreement with the processes of cognitive therapies, and reconstructing the counselees' negative experiences is one of the responsibilities of the counselors in life review. Life review will exist effective if it tin can assist a patient call up his/her positive and negative experiences and evaluate his/her life in a balanced manner.

In a previous report, the researchers²⁶ study that life review positively affects the quality of life of the elderly; the results of their study show that group life review therapy tin can play an important role in increasing the quality of life of the elderly in the medium and long term. Co-ordinate to their study, the hateful of the subjects' quality of life scores increased one month and three months afterward the life therapy intervention. In life review therapy, an individual shares his/her memories with others, which increases social interactions and on'e sense of social value.

The results of the present written report are also consistent with the previous studies,^{thirteen,27-29} all of which confirm the positive bear on of life review therapy or reminiscence therapy on different aspects of the life of the elderly; the results too verify the Butler'south first theory indicating that life review is a modified cerebral therapy.¹⁰

Due to the difficulty of conducting enquiry on the elderly, the researchers in the present study used convenience sampling, which is one of the limitations of the study. Moreover, the report was limited to the members of the retirement centers, which limits the transferability of the results to other elderly groups.

The present written report was conducted to provide preliminary proof of the effectiveness of life review; thus, there is a need for further inquiry to verify the results of the nowadays work and determine the stability of the results of this kind of intervention. To increase the accuracy of the enquiry plans in future studies, information technology is suggested that researchers should compare the results of the electric current study with other existing programs.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that the eight-session life review plan improved the subjects' quality of life. Co-ordinate to the results of this study, clinical experts can utilize this therapeutic plan to increase various components of psychology for the elderly, and nurses can use this constructive and efficient way to provide care services, fifty-fifty in the area of prevention and accommodation. According to the experimental evidence of the positive effects of life review, it is recommended that all nursing homes and even the families of the elderly should employ this convenient, inexpensive, quick, and practical method.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The nowadays study was extracted from Afsar Amirsadat'southward One thousand.Sc. thesis at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Grant No: 926616). The researchers' thanks are due to the authorities of the academy and the members of the elderly twenty-four hours care centers in Shiraz. The authors would like to thank the enquiry deputy at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for fiscal assistance and also Eye for Development of Clinical Enquiry of Nemazee Hospital and Dr. Nasrin Shokrpour for editorial assist.

Conflict of Interest:None declared.

REFRENCES

1. Senol Five, Unalan D, Soyuer F, Argun K. The Relationship between Health Promoting Behaviors and Quality of Life in Nursing Home Residents in Kayseri. Journal of Elderliness. 2014;2014:i–8. [Google Scholar]

2. Sadegh Moghadam 50, Foroughan Yard, Mohammadi F, et al. Aging Perception in Older Adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2016;10:202–9. [In western farsi] [Google Scholar]

3. Hesamzadeh A, Maddah SB, Mohammadi F, et al. Comparison of Elderlys" Quality of Life" Living at Homes and in Private or Public Nursing Homes. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010;iv:66–74. [In western farsi] [Google Scholar]

iv. Garousi S, Safizadeh H, Samadian F. The Written report of Relationship betwixt Social Support and Quality of Life among Elderly People in Kerman. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2012;11:303–15. [In farsi] [Google Scholar]

5. Lovell M. Caring for the elderly: irresolute perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Vascular Nursing. 2006;24:22–vi. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

half dozen. Lee TW, Ko IS, Lee KJ. Health promotion behaviors and quality of life among customs-dwelling elderly in Korea: a cantankerous-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2006;43:293–300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

vii. Fukuda S, Okamoto F, Yuasa M, et al. Vision-related quality of life and visual role in patients undergoing vitrectomy, gas tamponade and cataract surgery for macular hole. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009;93:1595–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Kathleen MH, Getchell Due north. Life span motor development. fifth ed. Canada (United states of america): Homo Kinetics; 2008. [Google Scholar]

9. Mastel-Smith BA, McFarlane J, Sierpina M, et al. Improving depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults: a psychosocial intervention using life review and writing. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2007;33:thirteen–ix. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Butler RN. Life review: an interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 1963;26:65–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

eleven. Butler RN. Succesful aging and the role of the life review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1974;22:529–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Kazemian South. The effect of life review on the charge per unit of anxiety in adolescent girls of the divorced families. Knowledge & Enquiry in Practical Psychology. 2012;1:11–7. [In persian] [Google Scholar]

13. Watt LM, Cappeliez P. Integrative and instrumental reminiscence therapies for low in older adults: Intervention strategies and treatment effectiveness. Aging & Mental Health. 2000;iv:166–77. [Google Scholar]

14. Haight BK, Gibson F, Michel Y. The Northern Ireland life review/life storybook projection for people with dementia. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2006;2:56–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

fifteen. Ingebretsen R. The Fine art and Scientific discipline of Reminiscing: Theory, Research, Methods and Application. Ageing and Social club. 1995;15:578–80. [Google Scholar]

16. The WHOQOL Group. Development of the Earth Health Arrangement WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine. 1998;28:551–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Usefy AR, Ghassemi GR, Sarrafzadegan N, et al. Psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-BREF in an Iranian adult sample. Community Mental Health Journal. 2010;46:139–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Haight B, Michel Y, Hendrix S. The extended effects of the life review in nursing domicile residents. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2000;50:151–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Ando M, Morita T, Okamoto T, Ninosaka Y. 1-week Curt-Term Life Review interview can improve spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients. Psychooncology. 2008;17:885–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Haber D. Life review: implementation, theory, research and therapy. Int J Crumbling Hum Dev. 2006;63:153–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Weiss JC. A comparing of cerebral group therapy to life review group therapy with older adults [thesis] Virginia (USA): University of Virginia; 1993. [Google Scholar]

22. Taghaddosy M, Fahimifar A. Consequence of life review therapy with spiritual approach on the life quality among cancer patients. FEYZ Journal. 2014;18:135–44. [In persian] [Google Scholar]

23. Alizadehfard S. The upshot of life review group therapy on elderly with chronic pain. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012;seven:sixty–7. [In persian] [Google Scholar]

24. Ando Grand, Morita T, Akechi T, et al. Efficacy of short-term life-review interviews on the spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;39:993–1002. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Esmaeili Thou. Study the effectivness of life review therapy with emphasis on Islamic ontology on decreasing the symptoms PTSD. Civilization Counseling. 2010;1:1–20. [In western farsi] [Google Scholar]

26. Hanaoka H, Okamura H. Study on effects of life review activities on the quality of life of the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2004;73:302–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Frazer CJ, Christensen H, Griffiths KM. Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people. Med J Aust. 2005;182:627–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Wilson LA. A comparison of the effects of reminiscence therapy and transmissive reminiscence therapy on levels of depression in nursing home residents. Minnesota (U.s.a.): Capella University; 2006. [Google Scholar]

29. Sharif F, Mansouri A, Jahanbin I, Zare N. Result of grouping reminiscence therapy on low in older adults attending a twenty-four hours center in Shiraz, southern Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:765–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery are provided here courtesy of Shiraz Academy of Medical Sciences

spencercultin.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5845117/#:~:text=Life%20review%20therapy%2C%20used%20as,and%20accept%20their%20present%20conditions.